ABSTRACT
Introduction The past two decades have witnessed the significant growth of emerging markets and the rise of emerging market multinational enterprises (EMNEs) (Luo and Tung 2007). A case study approach has been adopted to explore the rich contextual environments of these two industry clusters, including human capital investment, professional labour, infrastructure, public–private sector cooperation, support for funding and commercialisation, and innovative corporate culture in the national innovation ecosystem. The third article by Sharmelly and Klarin (2021) (Creating Customer Value for the Middle Class in Emerging Markets: Perspectives from Case Studies in India) examines the design of customer value creation frameworks and essential components of product development in emerging markets. [...]this paper uses a framework consisting of actors, networks and the institutional pillars of ecosystems to promote the application of the system concept further.